Do You Know What Is Rubbing Color Fastness?

 Color fastness is one of the important quality indexes of textiles, and is also one of the most common inspection items of textiles in the trade process. The so-called color fastness refers to the degree of color fastness under the physical and chemical action of dyed textiles, namely the ability of color resistance to friction of textiles, which can be divided into dry friction and wet friction.

1. The effect of fabric surface morphology - because the dye fixation is the main cause of friction fastness difference, under the condition of dry, for rough surface or sanded, pile fabric, as hard as hemp fabrics, denim fabrics and pigment printing fabric, if dry friction will easily fabric surface accumulation of dye, coating, or other non-ferrous material grinding down, and even cause some colored fiber fracture and forming non-ferrous particles, the fastness to dry friction decline further.

For the fabric, the pile on the fabric surface and the friction cloth surface show a certain Angle, is not parallel, so that the friction head in the reciprocating movement of the increase of friction resistance, so that the color fastness to dry friction of this kind of fabric decreases.

2. The influence of fabric structure - lightweight fabric (usually synthetic fiber or silk fabric) of the surface of the specimen, due to the fabric structure is relatively loose, in the dry friction, the sample under the action of pressure and friction occur along with the movement of the friction head part of the slip, so that the friction resistance increases, and the friction efficiency.But when it comes to wet friction, the situation is completely different from that of cellulose fibers.Due to the extremely low hygroscopicity of the fiber or the non-obvious water-swelling effect, and the presence of water ACTS as a lubricant, the color fastness to wet friction of this kind of fabric is obviously better than that to dry friction.Therefore, it is not uncommon for certain fabrics to have better color fastness to wet friction than to dry friction.At this point, the selection of dye varieties, dye performance, dyeing and finishing process conditions, although will also have an impact on the color fastness to friction, but compared with the fabric structure and surface morphology and other physical factors, it is not very important.This happens mostly with dark products, such as black, red and navy blue.Of course, for fabrics such as corduroy, twill and paint prints, their color fastness to wet friction is usually level 2 or even lower under wet condition due to the dyestuffs and printing and dyeing process used by them, which is not better than their color fastness to dry friction.

3. Influence of reactive dye-chemical structure-during the experiment of color fastness to wet friction of cellulose fiber fabric dyed with reactive dye-there are mainly two factors that cause color transfer: (1) water-soluble dyes are transferred to the friction fabric during friction to make the original dye fade and stain the friction cloth; (2) The second is that some dyed fibers break during friction, forming tiny colored fiber particles and are transferred to the friction fabric, resulting in staining.The factors that may affect the color fastness to wet friction of reactive dyes are as follows: (1) the structure and characteristics of reactive dyes themselves; (2) The nature of the fabric; (3) Pre-treatment effect, fabric damage and surface finish, etc.; (4) Dyeing process and soaping effect after dyeing; (5) The solid color treatment effect after fabric dyeing; (6) Influence of finishing on dyed fabrics, etc.The results show that although there are some differences in the strength, stability and adhesion of the covalent bond between the reactive dyes and cellulose fibers with different chemical structures, there is no obvious difference in the effect on the color fastness to wet friction of dyed fabrics. When a dyed fabric is rubbed wet, the covalent bond formed between the dye and the fiber does not break and produce a floating color. And the dye that happens transfer is supersaturated normally, did not form covalent bond with fiber, the dye that relies on van der Waals force to produce adsorptive action only, namely so-called float color.

4. Influence of dyeing degree of reactive dyes -- The color fastness to wet friction of fabrics dyed with reactive dyes is closely related to the dyeing depth, that is, in the case of wet friction, the amount of color transfer has a close linear relationship with the dyeing depth.Excessive dyes can not be combined with fibers, but can only accumulate on the fabric surface to form floating color, which seriously affects the fabric's color fastness to wet friction.Under the wet condition, cotton fiber without special treatment will be swollen, friction force will increase, fiber strength will decrease, all of which create good conditions for the fracture, shedding and color transfer of colored fiber.

Therefore, proper pretreatment of cellulose fiber before dyeing, such as mercerization, singeing, cellulase polishing treatment, scouring, bleaching, washing and drying, can improve the surface finish and wool effect of fabric, reduce friction resistance, reduce floating color, and thus effectively improve the color fastness to wet friction.

5. Influence of softeners -- Improving the color fastness of reactive dyes by soft finishing.The softener has a lubricating effect and can reduce the friction coefficient, thus preventing the dye from falling off. Cationic softener can also form a anionic dye lake, dye is not easy to fall off.At the same time, the dye solubility decreases and the wet rubbing fastness can be improved.However, the softener with hydrophilic groups is not conducive to the improvement of wet rubbing fastness. In the process of production practice, the water-soluble groups of dyes can be closed by using color fixing agent to control the pH value of the finished color cloth, remove the floating color, improve the smoothness of the fabric, and thus improve the fabric's fastness to wet rubbing.Proper front drying can prevent the dye from "swimming". The factors to be paid attention to include the amount of alkali, steaming time, way of washing, adequate soaping, etc. The first two are closely related to the degree of hydrolysis of the dye, while the second two are directly related to the color of the dye.The dyed fabric, especially the long rolling dyeing, should go through sufficient washing, soaping and other processes to remove the floating color on the fiber surface and the unreacted and hydrolyzed dyes, so as not to affect the color fastness.

If we do not pay attention to the post-treatment of dyeing, it will cause very poor color fastness, and the color light will become dark. In the above factors affecting the color fastness to friction, the principles of action of each factor vary greatly and the degree of influence is also different. The problem of colour fastness may seem simple, but the factors involved are quite complex.

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What do You Care about When You Buy Clothes?

Food, clothing, shelter and travel are the first things.It is difficult to associate clothing with the word harm.In fact, toxic clothing is no less harmful to human health than toxic food.Opportunities to "leave poison" can be found everywhere from the shaping of a garment to the making of a garment.Sometimes we encounter many problems in shopping, such as the smell of clothes, pungent smell, etc., we can't help but worry, what is the problem with the smell of clothes?Are these scents a health hazard? Fabric companies share this article for you.

What's the problem with clothes smelling good

Professor Zhu Zhengfeng, vice President of the Textile College of Zhongyuan Institute of Technology, said that the odors mainly come from the production process of fabrics, pollution during garment processing and improper storage.However, in the industrialized production of clothing, each clothing will encounter a variety of chemical substances, such as in the textile printing, coating, chemical finishing, may use toluene, styrene, vinyl cyclohexane, phenylcycloethane, butadiene, vinyl chloride, aromatic hydrocarbon, organic volatiles and so on.The odors brought by these substances are different, and consumers can identify the source of the odor by the odor type:

A strong acid smell in the garment may be a problem with dyed fabrics and prints, while the scent of kerosene may be left in the printed paint fabrics.Clothes that smell fishy are definitely resinous fabrics, and there are also chemical odors that are hard to spot.If the clothes are improperly kept in the warehouse, as Ms. Yang's seller said, they may only have some musty smell. If there are other smells, the reason should be defective in dyeing and whole aspects.

Contamination of clothing with chemicals may cause cancer

Chemical substances in clothing manufacture have the following hazards to human health:

The first is a mild skin allergy.Some dyes excessive acid or alkali clothing is also harmful to the human body, the human skin is neutral or weak acid, if the pH value in textiles is too high or too low, will destroy the balance of the skin and resistance, causing allergies or induce infection.

More serious is formaldehyde.Formaldehyde content is higher clothes, formaldehyde can release gradually come out, can produce strong stimulation to mucous membrane of human respiratory tract and skin, light person can produce skin allergy, serious can induce tracheitis wait for disease.

The most serious, which many people do not understand, is the effect of carcinogens and environmental hormones on human health.Carcinogenic substances mainly come from dyes, such as azo dyes. If these dyes are absorbed by the skin, they may react with human secreted substances to form carcinogenic aromatic amines.There are as many as 118 internationally banned dyes;Environmental hormones are a kind of substances that are extremely harmful to human health and ecological environment. They can seriously disrupt the endocrine and development of human beings and animals and cause abnormalities in the endocrine system.Mainly used for textile preservatives, mildewproof agent, flame retardant agent, antistatic agent, plasticizer (mainly clothing plastic accessory products such as buttons, pendants, etc.).

The nose of the person can smell pollution to exceed the limit 4 times above commonly smell, the smell is bigger, the harm is bigger, but smell is less than to do not have harm to the body necessarily, because some chemical substance is odorless.So, to protect your health, it's important to buy clothes with a full range of ingredients, use, size and origin labels.

Washing clothes with warm salt water is more effective than hanging them in the sun

The simplest way to eliminate odorous smell of clothes is to soak them in warm brine: add proper amount of salt with a pot of warm water, stir evenly, and then soak the new clothes after all the salt is dissolved. After 10~20 minutes, rinse them out and dry them out with clean water.Or you can hang smelly clothes in the bathroom after you've taken a shower, close the bathroom door and let them sit for six to eight hours.If it still smells after soaking, it's best not to wear it.

To buy new clothes or no odor, especially underwear, and infant clothing, should be cleaned after wearing, because of printing and dyeing fiber (cotton, linen, viscose series) with dye mostly for reactive dyes, reactive dyes can happen hydrolysis with water, once a few dye and fiber did not react can form floating color, is that we often say clothes rub off, floating color absorbed by human body skin, also can appear allergy.

A lot of people hang clothes in ventilated place air is dried eliminate peculiar smell, such effect is not good, because chemical substance volatilizes very slowly, the volatilization of formaldehyde for example needs 3~15 years.

Clothing that is prone to excessive levels of several chemicals

In online shopping, especially when choosing infant supplies and underwear, had better choose dye, coating less plain ivory) (such as cotton, small printing design of the product is good, best can learn about the clothes before buying the label, the use of label, size label and labels, etc., so that after a comprehensive understanding of not buy clothes with quality problems.The following types of clothing generally contain chemicals that are easy to exceed the standard. Consumers must pay attention to them:

1. Easy to wear, crosslinking agent (a chemical used in wrinkle-resistant finishing) is the main source of free formaldehyde.

2. For jeans of different shades of color, formaldehyde may be used in the bleaching, dyeing and washing process.

3. Bright, printed and stiff clothes.

In addition, had better not put clothes in new plank furniture, formaldehyde in plank furniture is more, also can pollute clothings.

Pay attention to 8 items of clothing

1. In general, light colors are more environmentally friendly than dark colors.Because the fabric of light-colored clothing is less likely to be contaminated in the production process, especially for close-fitting underwear.Say from health Angle, should choose light color more.

2. You can choose unlined clothing when shopping.Suits and other products must be lined, can choose non-adhesive lining technology products.Because the lining requires glue, and glue usually contains solvents such as formaldehyde.

3. Many people like to buy foreign trade clothes, but they should be careful when buying, and do not buy back the products that have been returned for environmental reasons.

4. Clothing with green environmental protection certification is hung with disposable laser hologram anti-counterfeiting mark, which can be illuminated with laser pointer, and 10 rings can be seen from any Angle.

5. When buying clothes, you might as well smell, there is the smell of moldy smell, kerosene, fish smell, benzene smell and other peculiar smell of clothing mostly formaldehyde content exceeds bid, can not buy.

6. Try not to buy wash and wear clothes.Especially the formaldehyde allergy person, cannot wear to avoid very hot dress more.

7. Don't hang the clothes you just bought in the closet immediately. It's better to rinse them thoroughly with water before wearing them to reduce the formaldehyde content in the clothes.

8. After putting on the new clothes, if there are skin itching, contact dermatitis and other skin allergic reactions, or symptoms such as upset mood, poor diet, continuous cough, etc., you should consider whether the clothes are uncomfortable, and go to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible.

What Is the Difference Between Polyester Cotton And Pure Cotton?

 Polyester-cotton refers to the general term for the blended fabric of polyester and cotton. It is a textile woven with 65%-67% polyester and 33%-35% cotton blended yarn. It is a common material for making clothes. Polyester cotton and cotton polyester are two different materials.

Pure cotton is a textile made from cotton as raw material, which is interwoven with warp and weft yarns vertically and horizontally through a loom. There are many varieties of pure cotton fabrics with different colors. According to the dyeing method, it can be divided into primary color cotton, dyed cotton, printed cotton, and yarn-dyed cotton; it can also be divided into plain weave, twill, and forged weave according to the fabric structure.

Many people think that pure cotton is better when buying clothes, but this is not the case. The higher the ratio of cotton to polyester, the better the quality, because polyester-cotton takes advantage of the non-balling and polyester stability of cotton, so that the processed polyester-cotton overalls have a brighter color, good feel, and are not easy to deform. Not only that, polyester-cotton overalls also have the characteristics of low shrinkage, upright, not easy to wrinkle, easy to wash, and quick drying. Polyester cotton twill fabric exporter will show everyone their advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages and disadvantages of polyester cotton

Advantages of Polyester cotton fabric: It not only highlights the style of polyester but also has the advantages of cotton fabric. It has good elasticity and abrasion resistance in dry and wet conditions, stable size, low shrinkage, tall and straight, not easy to wrinkle, and easy to wash. , Quick-drying characteristics, can not be ironed with high temperature and soaked in boiling water.

Disadvantages of polyester cotton:

The polyester fiber in polyester-cotton is a hydrophobic fiber. It has a strong affinity for oil stains and is easy to absorb oil stains. It is also easy to generate static electricity during wearing and attract dust. It is difficult to wash and cannot be ironed with high temperature and soaked in boiling water. Polyester cotton is a synthetic fiber and cannot be degraded.

The advantages and disadvantages of pure cotton

1. Advantages:

1. Hygroscopicity

Cotton fiber has good hygroscopicity. Under normal conditions, the fiber can absorb moisture from the surrounding atmosphere, and its moisture content is 8-10%, so it touches human skin, making people feel soft and not stiff. If the humidity of the cotton cloth increases and the surrounding temperature is higher, all the moisture contained in the fiber will evaporate, so that the fabric can maintain a water balance and make people feel comfortable.

2. Moisturizing

Because cotton fiber is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, the thermal conductivity is extremely low, and because cotton fiber itself has the advantages of porosity and high elasticity, a large amount of air can accumulate between the fibers, and air is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, so pure Cotton fiber textiles have good moisture retention. Wearing pure cotton clothing makes people feel warm.

Polyester Cotton Fabric

3. Heat resistance

100% cotton pocketing fabric has good heat resistance. When the temperature is below 110℃, it will only cause the moisture on the fabric to evaporate without damaging the fiber. Therefore, the pure cotton fabric is worn, used, and washed at room temperature. Printing and dyeing have no effect on fabrics, which improves the washability and wearability of cotton fabrics.

4. Alkali resistance

Cotton fiber has a high resistance to alkali. The fiber will not be damaged in the alkali solution. This performance is conducive to the washing of pollution after consumption, disinfection and removal of impurities, and it can also dye, print and print pure cotton textiles. Various processes are used to produce more new varieties of cotton.

5. Hygiene

Cotton fiber is a natural fiber, its main component is cellulose, there are a small amount of waxy substances, nitrogenous substances and pectin. The pure cotton fabric has been tested and practiced in many ways, and the fabric has no irritation or negative effect when it comes in contact with the skin. It is beneficial and harmless to the human body when worn for a long time, and has good hygienic properties.

2. Disadvantages

1. It is easy to wrinkle, and it is more difficult to heal after wrinkles.

2. Easy to shrink, the shrinkage rate of pure cotton clothing is 2% to 5%, except for special processing or washing treatment.

Identification of Fabrics

 Medical Fabric supplier to sahre this article for you.

Identification method of gram weight and count of knitted fabrics

Count is the number of 840 yards of cotton yarn that weighs a pound (454 grams).The larger the count, the thinner the yarn.For example, 48S is thinner than 23.Gram weight refers to the weight in grams per square meter of fabric.Generally speaking, the greater the number of yarns of the same quality, the greater the gram weight.Grey cloth gram weight and gram weight conversion products, such as in formula, and actual may have very big deviation, the main reason is divided into two aspects, embryo layout can use the formula to calculate, as long as the condition is more near, the result more accurate, for weaving is a physical change, and by grey fabric processing for the finished fabric, after dyeing and finishing multiple processes, fabric after physical and chemical change, variable increase, involving various types of machinery, during working procedure, and so on, form each enterprise has different specifications, so the fabric gram weight and finished product gram conversion, every enterprise has its standards.

The gram weight of grey cloth is converted to the gram weight of finished product

How to set up a reduction formula?It is suggested to collect the results from the blank cloth to the finished cloth, and then use the computer to select the most results as the standard, and then evaluate its practicability according to the production situation of the enterprise, and then formulate the conversion formula.

Example reference :(general cloth, general dyeing and finishing process) embryo weight == order product weight x embryo weight coefficient

Cloth like embryo weight coefficient: plain weave 92% / double bead 88% / double position clothes 89% / single bead 93% / single position clothes 89% / pull plain weave 100% / wool towel 106%/ double side 88% / pull rib 91% / pull rib 83% Pull rib 92% / lamp core 87%.

1, grey cloth weight: refers to the weight per unit area of the fabric, generally expressed in grams per square meter (g/m2).The simplest calculation in business.

For example, cotton fabrics are generally in the range of 70 ~ 250 g/m2;

The weight of Vaseline (combed) wool fabric is about 185 g/m2.

Thick tweed (coarse comb) is about 280g/m2;

Thin silk fabrics are generally between 20 ~ 100 g/m2.

Grey cloth weight is also one of the moral character index that examines fabric physical performance, this pays more attention to wool fabric.It is stipulated in the "Ministry award" standard of worsted fabric and woolen type chemical fiber fabric that the weight of square meter is too light to exceed the allowable tolerance (the stipulation is 5%), and it is classified as first-class goods.More than 5% but less than 7% is second class.

(2) According to the calculation method of the Ministry standards (moisture regain factor should be deducted) :

Where: GK -- square meter weight (g/m2) GO -- sample dry weight (g) WK -- sample common moisture regain (%) L -- sample length (cm) B -- Sample width (cm) The constant moisture regain (WK) of commonly used yarns is summarized as follows: cotton yarn: 8.5% worsted yarn: 16% carded yarn: 15% polyester/cotton yarn (65/35): 3.2%.

(3) Calculation method for approximate weight in square meters based on fabric structure factors:

Where: NtT -- warp Tex number (digit) NTw -- weft Tex number (digit) PT -- warp density (root /10cm) PW -- weft density (root /10cm).

This calculation formula is an approximation and does not take into account the bending, elongation and weight change of the yarn during processing.(Note: The Tex number refers to the weight (g) of the yarn 1000 m long at a common determination of moisture regain.).

One square meter cotton cloth without pulp drying weight:

Where: G -- dry weight (G) of cotton cloth without pulp of one square meter;

Gj -- dry weight of warp yarn of cotton cloth of one square meter (gram);

Gw -- dry weft weight of cotton cloth of one square meter (g);

Pj -- Warp density of cotton cloth (root / 10cm)

Pw -- weft density of cotton cloth (root /10 cm);

Gj -- standard dry weight of warp spun (g / 100m);

Gw -- Weft spun out standard dry weight (g / 100m);

Fj -- total flying rate of warp yarn;

Aj -- warp shrinkage;

Sjz -- total warp elongation;

Aw - filling shrinkage.

Among them:

1. Standard dry weight (g /100) of weft and warp yarn = metric number * 0.92166/10 or =53.74 / inch count

2. The weight of strand is calculated according to the weight after merging.

3. Total warp elongation: sizing single yarn is calculated at 1.2% (including winding and warping calculated at 0.5%, sizing at 0.7%).The shangshui ply line no. 10 and No. 2 shall be calculated as 0.3% and above no. 10 and No. 2 shall be calculated as 0.7%.

4. Indirect weft elongation is small and may be omitted.

5. Total flying rate of warp yarn: coarse (branch) fabric is calculated at 1.2%;Medium (branch) plain weave fabrics by 0.6%, twill fabrics by 0.9%;Fine (branch) fabrics by 0.8%;Yarn fabrics are counted at 0.6%.

6. The total elongation of warp yarn, the total flying rate of warp yarn and the shrinkage rate of warp and weft yarn are the basis for calculating the fabric weight of one square meter, not the specified index.A simple method for estimating the price and workshop collar yarns: 100 m warp = warp density/count * portal width *0.0065 100 m weft = filling density/count * portal width *0.0065(engineer) hundreds of meters with warp = (warp number * total number of the root/(1 -) of shrinkage rate) / 10000 * 101 m with weft weft weft density number * * * 3.937 = (reed space + waste) / 100000 * 1.003 waste - 12 cm, stretch yarn take tome yarn 8 cm this formula is widely used for the sales staff of convenient calculation (not note) invention, principle of right, simple calculation, error is inevitable, you so-called 101 g/m2, you absolutely right?Definitely not, just to be more precise).Grey square metre gram weight = (end spacing + weft density) * 1.1 * 59 / (2.54 * yarn count) = end spacing * 1.1 * 59 / (2.54 * yarn count) + weft density * 1.1 * 59 / (2.54 * yarn count).

Longitude and latitude:

A. Warp (weft) density /2.54-- convert inch density to metric density

B. Coefficient 1.1-- considering the warp (weft) shrinkage rate and the warp (weft) yarn loss, it is about 10%. Although there is a deviation, but as a quick and convenient calculation, it doesn't matter.

C.59/ yarn count -- it is to convert the inch yarn count to the metric special number, and it is to combine the conversion coefficient of cotton 583.1, polyester 590.5, etc., and take the coefficient of 590, although there is an error, there is no serious harm.

D. I don't have specific examples of unit conversion involved. I believe you have the basic skills.

To sum up: Warp A * b * C + zonal A * b * C = precision + weft)*1.1*59/(2.54* yarn)= grey fabric square meters gram weight fabric cost accounting data per meter = (warp + weft) X 0.065x finished product width X1.01

For example: 45sT/C *45sT/C 110*70 58/59" T/C (yarn price: 26000 yuan/ton) yarn quantity for 100m = (110+70) / 45x0.065x59x1.01 =15.5KG/ 100m yarn quantity for 155G/M.The yarn dyeing fee is 8000 yuan/ton, and the price per meter is 15.5x (2.6+0.8) = 5.27 yuan/meter, plus 3 yuan/meter for public payment, and 1.00 yuan/meter for aftertreatment. The calculation formulas commonly used for [conversion] textile are divided into two kinds: calculation formulas for fixed-length system and fixed-weight system.

1. Calculation formula of fixed length system:

(1) denier (D) =g/L*9000, where G is the weight (g) and L is the length (m) of the silk thread.

(2), Tex (number) [Tex (H)] : Tex = g/L of * 1000 g for yarn (or silk) weight (g), L the length of the yarn (or silk) (m)

(3) DTEX: DTEX =g/L*10000 where G is the weight (g) of the silk thread and L is the length (m) of the silk thread. Calculation formula of fixed weight is as follows:

Metric count (1), (N) : N = L/G which G for yarn (or silk) weight (G), L the length of the yarn (or silk) (m), (2), the imperial count (S) : S = L/(G * 840) which G is the weight of the silk thread (lb), L is the length of the thread (yards)

2. Select the conversion formula:

(1) The conversion formula between metric count (N) and Denier (D) =9000/N

(2) The conversion formula of the count of English system (S) and denier (D) =5315/S

(3) Conversion formula between DTEX and Tex: 1TEX = 10DTEX

(4) The conversion formula between Tex and Denier (D) : Tex =D/9

Tex =K/S Value: pure cotton yarn K=583.1 Pure chemical fiber K=590.5 poly-cotton yarn K=587.6 cotton viscose yarn (75:25)K=584.8 dimensional cotton yarn (50:50)K=587.0

(6) Tex and metric number (N) conversion formula: Tex =1000/N

(7) The conversion formula between DTEX and Denier (D) : DTEX =10D/9

Value of K: pure cotton yarn K=583.1 pure chemical fiber K=590.5 poly-cotton yarn K=587.6 cotton viscidity yarn (75:25)K=584.8 dimensional cotton yarn (50:50)K=587.0 9). Conversion formula of DTEX and metric count (N) : DTEX =10000/N

(10) the conversion formula between the metric centimeter (cm) and the inch (inch) :1inch=2.54cm

Conversion formula of metric meter (M) and British code (YD) :1 yard =0.9144 M

The conversion formula of silk and satin square gram weight (g/m2) and mu meter (m/m) :1m/m=4.3056g/m2

(13), the weight of the silk and the formula for converting pounds: pounds (lb) = silk weight per meter (g/m) * 0.9144 (m/yd) * (yd) / 453.6 (50 g/yd